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** indicates undergraduate student.
Featured Recent Articles
Johnson, A. L., Levesque, C., Lewis Jr, N. A. & Asad, A. L. (2024). Deportation threat predicts Latino US citizens and noncitizens’ psychological distress, 2011-2018. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. [HTML]
*Le Forestier, J. M., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2024). When and why people conceal their identities. Nature Reviews Psychology. [PDF]
Lewis Jr, N. A. (2025). How people make meaning in a fragmented democracy: Implications for incorporating public opinion into public policy. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences. [PDF]
Lewis Jr, N. A., Porticella, N., *Liu, J., *Taylor, T., Michener, J., Barry, C. L., Nagler, R. H., Gollust, S., Moore, S. T., Fowler, E. F., & Niederdeppe, J. (2025). Beyond fear of backlash: Effects of messages about structural drivers of COVID-19 disparities among large samples of Asian, Black, Hispanic, and White Americans. Social Science & Medicine. [HTML]
Niederdeppe, J., Porticella, N., Liu, J., Michener, J., Fowler, E. F., Nagler, R. H., *Taylor, T., Barry C. L., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2025). Centering historically minoritized populations to design effective messages about an evidence-based policy to advance social equity. PNAS Nexus. [HTML]
Registered Reports in Progress
Forscher, P. S., Taylor, V. J., Cavagnaro, D., Lewis Jr, N. A., Moshontz, H., Batres, C., … Chartier, C. (accepted in principle). A Multi-Site Examination of Stereotype Threat in Black College Students Across Varying Operationalizations. Nature Human Behaviour.
Abstract: According to stereotype threat theory, the possibility of confirming a negative group stereotype can evoke feelings of threat, leading people to underperform in domains where they are stereotyped as lacking ability. This theory has immense theoretical and practical implications. However, many studies supporting it include small samples and varying operational definitions of “stereotype threat”. We address the first challenge by leveraging a network of psychology labs to recruit a large Black student sample (N anticipated = 2700) from multiple US sites (N anticipated = 27). We address the second challenge by identifying three threat-increasing and three threat-decreasing procedures that could plausibly affect performance and use an adaptive Bayesian design to determine which operationalization yields the strongest evidence for underperformance. This project has the potential to advance our knowledge of a scientifically and socially important topic: the conditions under which stereotype threat affects current Black students in the United States. [Registered Report Pre-Print]
Lewis Jr, N. A., & *Michalak, N. (registered report accepted in principle). Has Stereotype Threat Dissipated Over Time? A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis. Comprehensive Results in Social Psychology.
Abstract: Stereotype threat – the psychological threat that arises when one is in a situation or doing something for which a negative stereotype about one’s group applies (Steele, 1997) – has been broadly studied throughout the social sciences over the past two decades (for reviews, see Lewis & Sekaquaptewa, 2016; Steele, 2010). It is a theory that is presumed to explain variance in disparities between those who are negatively stereotyped in certain domains (e.g. racial-ethnic minorities in academics, women in mathematics) and those who are not (e.g. White men in academics; Steele, 2010). Studies on stereotype threat have been conducted hundreds of times, and have yielded mixed findings. Early studies tended to yield “positive” – statistically significant – findings (for meta-analytic review, see Nguyen & Ryan, 2008) whereas more recent reanalysis (Zigerell, 2017) and replication attempts (e.g., Finnigan & Corker, 2016) have failed to replicate initial findings. These conflicting accounts call into question the robustness of the phenomenon and raise two possibilities in our minds: Either the strength of the evidence was weak to begin with, or something has changed over time to reduce our ability to detect stereotype threat effects. We test these possibilities in a pre-registered cross-temporal meta-analysis. [Registered Report Preprint]
*Ruisch, B., Lewis Jr, N. A., & Ferguson, M. J. (registered report accepted in principle). When are Women are (Dis)Favored in the Hiring Process? Nature Human Behaviour.
Abstract: Decades of research on hiring discrimination has generally found anti-women biases. However, Williams and Ceci (2015A; Hereafter “W&C”) recently challenged this conclusion, finding that, academic hiring, women were favored at a rate of 2 to 1. These findings are puzzling: either gender bias has declined – or even reversed – in recent decades, or something about W&C’s methods produced their anomalous findings. Our four pilot studies (total N = 2,459) suggest two boundary conditions to W&C: pro-woman biases may be limited to 1) exceptionally qualified women and 2) subjective, non-zero-sum outcome measures (e.g., verbal praise rather than resource allocation). Two field experiments – in academia and industry- will provide more ecologically valid tests of these questions in order to shed greater light on the state of gender bias in academia and beyond.
In Press
Lewis Jr, N. A. (in press). How people make meaning in a fragmented democracy: Implications for incorporating public opinion into public policy. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
Abstract: Scientists and policymakers often rely on polls to measure the opinions of the American public. They collect brief responses from large samples of Americans and use quantitative methods to aggregate those responses in ways that allow them to construct measures of what the “average American” thinks. Policymakers then (sometimes) use those averages to inform public policy. In this article, I raise questions about the utility of that approach for policymaking, given what social and behavioral scientists have learned about the fragmentation of (American) democracy and its implications for heterogeneity in people’s experiences. I review research on social fragmentation, its implications for how people who are differentially positioned in society perceive and make meaning of the world around them, and the implications for the policies they support. After reviewing those processes, I end by offering alternative approaches for incorporating public opinion into the policymaking process. [PDF]
2025
Lewis Jr, N. A. (2025). The importance of dreaming about (and mobilizing to create) equitable futures. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law. https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-12262632
Abstract: Public health is under siege in the United States—particularly the parts of the field that focus on health equity. Though it may be tempting to abandon health equity efforts during this siege, in this commentary, I argue that would be a mistake for the field. Research on the history of public health found that health equity pursuits were essential for building the field, and contemporary research continues to find that health equity pursuits not only remain popular, they are also effective for mobilizing large and diverse segments of the population to engage in individual and collective actions that advance the field’s goals. The pursuit of equitable and healthy futures may be one of the effective pathways for sustaining the field’s future. [HTML]
Lewis Jr, N. A., Pascaul, N. R., Sekaquaptewa, D., & Meadows, L. A. (2025). First Year to Future Career: Women’s Engagement in Technical Participation is Associated with Long-Term Retention. Behavioral Sciences, 15(2), 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020140.
Abstract: Societies realize the value of increasing the number of engineering and other STEM graduates, yet universities often struggle to enroll and retain STEM students, particularly women. To remedy this, many engineering programs have shifted their pedagogical approaches to include project-based learning in group settings. However, prior research on engineering teams revealed, for example, gender gaps in active participation, reflecting stereotypes of men as engineering experts and women as supporters. In the current study, we examined the long-term correlates of such gaps. Specifically, in a mixed-method study (behavioral observation, surveys, and longitudinal follow-up) we found gender differences in active technical participation during students’ first year in engineering project group presentations, such that men engaged in more active participation than women (N = 589). Longitudinal follow-ups in their final year revealed that first year technical participation was a predictor of feelings of belonging, and these feelings of belonging in turn predict retention in engineering majors and intentions to pursue graduate education in engineering. Together, these results suggest that the first year engineering team experience plays an important role in retaining students and highlight opportunities for early interventions. [HTML]
Lewis Jr, N. A., Porticella, N., *Liu, J., *Taylor, T., Michener, J., Barry, C. L., Nagler, R. H., Gollust, S., Moore, S. T., Fowler, E. F., & Niederdeppe, J. (2025). Beyond fear of backlash: Effects of messages about structural drivers of COVID-19 disparities among large samples of Asian, Black, Hispanic, and White Americans. Social Science & Medicine, 118096.
Abstract: Although U.S. health disparities are well-documented, the very communities that bear the brunt of those disparities are, ironically, underrepresented in scientific efforts to understand and address them. In two experiments (total N = 9,523), we explored the consequences of omitting those perspectives for efforts to understand and address disparities in the COVID-19 pandemic. We found that, by prioritizing the perspectives of White Americans, studies of pandemic disparities likely missed important insights. Specifically, we purposively sampled the four largest racial and ethnic groups in the U.S. and found that people of color were consistently more concerned, and more willing to engage in both individual and collective efforts to address health disparities, than their White counterparts. In addition, messages highlighting structural drivers of health disparities further bolstered support for inequality mitigating policies. [HTML]
Niederdeppe, J., Porticella, N., Liu, J., Michener, J., Fowler, E. F., Nagler, R. H., *Taylor, T., Barry C. L., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2025). Centering historically minoritized populations to design effective messages about an evidence-based policy to advance social equity. PNAS Nexus, pgae588.
Abstract: Researchers have raised concerns that messages describing racial disparities in social outcomes can reduce or polarize support for public policies to address inequality. We questioned this assumption by testing the impact of carefully crafted messages about Child Tax Credit (CTC) expansion. We conducted two randomized message trials, Study 1 using Prolific’s non-probability panel (n = 1,402) and Study 2 using SSRS’s Opinion Panel, a web-based probability sample of US adults (n = 4,483). Each study included comparably sized subsamples of Black, Hispanic, and White respondents from across the political spectrum. Study 1 compared six candidate messages to a control message and identified promising message strategies for replication. Study 2 compared two messages advocating for CTC expansion—one emphasizing policy benefits to all children (universalist) and the other describing benefits to all but even greater benefits to Black and Hispanic children (targeted universalist)—to a control message simply describing the policy. Primary outcomes were policy support and policy advocacy intentions. Study 2 tested pre-registered hypotheses and conducted additional exploratory analyses using linear models. Both treatment messages produced greater policy support and advocacy intentions than the control message among Black and Hispanic respondents (Cohen’s d 0.12 to 0.28). The universalist message also produced greater policy support than the control message among White respondents (Cohen’s d = 0.16). The targeted universalist message did not reduce policy support or advocacy intentions among White and Republican respondents. Well-designed messages emphasizing policy efficacy can promote support for a redistributive tax policy across racial, ethnic, and political identities. [HTML]
Sowden, W. J., Lewis Jr, N. A., & Jones, R. L. (2025). Self-distancing is positively related to higher scores during U.S. Army (USA) Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) Advanced Leadership Training. Military Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2025.2480481
Abstract: Effective leadership in military contexts is crucial; however, the role of specific self-regulatory tendencies in influencing leadership ability is not fully understood. This study explores the impact of these tendencies on military leadership competency. A group of 234 cadets from the United States Army (USA) Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) participated in the research during their capstone leader development and assessment course (USA ROTC Advanced Camp). They completed a survey measuring five self-regulatory tendencies: self-control, cognitive reappraisal, emotional suppression, grit, and self-distancing. They also shared their overall camp performance scores as an objective measure of leadership ability. Through non-parametric bivariate correlations and regression analyses, we examined the relationship between these self-regulatory tendencies and leadership performance. Findings revealed that only cognitive reappraisal and self-distancing significantly correlated with leadership ability. Notably, self-distancing emerged as the most robust predictor of effective leadership. This tendency, which involves reframing negative experiences within a broader future context, appears to be especially vital in military leadership settings. The results highlight the importance of self-regulation in leadership, suggesting that strategies for improving specific self-regulatory tendencies could significantly enhance the quality of military leadership. These findings also have broader implications for the development of targeted interventions for other fields requiring high-stress decision-making and resilience to improve crucial leadership skills. [HTML]
*Yeh, J., *Premachandra, B., Lewis Jr, N. A., Niederdeppe, J., & Jernigan, D. H. (2025). Identities, drinking behaviors and cancer beliefs among African-American and White American adults: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2023.2232738
Abstract: Background: Alcohol consumption is causally linked to multiple cancers. African-Americans are at greater risk of cancer than other demographic groups and suffer more serious consequences. Awareness and knowledge of the alcohol-cancer link are low, especially among African-Americans compared to other racial/ethnic groups. This study built on the theory of identity-based motivation (TIBM) to explore how people think about alcohol consumption in relation to their social identities and beliefs about cancer. Methods: Data come from 20 in-depth interviews with current drinkers (10 White and 10 African-American adults) in a major mid-Atlantic city in the summer of 2021, using race- and gender-concordant interviewers. An abductive and iterative approach identified salient themes about how drinkers thought about alcohol, social identities, and cancer. Results: While most participants discussed alcohol use as an important part of American culture, African-American participants were more likely to discuss drinking as a way to cope with racism and other hardships. Participants also noted the need to address structural issues that would make it difficult to cut back on drinking. Both White and African-American participants talked about stressors in life that drive them to drink and make cutting back difficult, and African-American participants discussed how the location of liquor stores in their neighborhoods made alcohol too readily available. Conclusions: Insights from these interviews confirm the relevance of racial and other identities in shaping responses to alcohol-cancer messaging, and emphasize the need to consider both behavior change and policy change to create supportive environments for such changes. [PDF]
2024
Fowler, E. F., Moore, S. T., Floyd, B., Yao, J., Neumann, M., Lewis Jr, N. A., Niederdeppe, J. & Gollust, S. E. (2024). Invoking identity? Partisan polarization in discussions of race, racism, and gender in 2022 midterm advertising in the U.S. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 49(3), 505-537.
Abstract: Context: Media messaging matters for public opinion and policy, and analyzing patterns of campaign strategy can provide important windows into policy priorities. Methods: We used content analysis supplemented with keyword-based text analysis to assess the volume, proportion and distribution of attention to race-related issues in comparison to gender-related issues during the general election period of the 2022 midterm campaigns for federal office. Findings: Race-related mentions were overwhelmingly focused on crime and law and order with very little attention to racism, racial injustice, and the structural barriers that lead to widespread inequities. In stark contrast to mentions of gender, racial appeals were less identity focused and were competitively contested between the parties in their messaging, but much more likely to be led by Republicans. Conclusions: Our results suggest that discussion of race and gender were highly polarized with consequences for public understanding of and belief in disparities and policies important to population health. [HTML]
Giner-Sorolla, R., Montoya, A., K., Reifman, A., Carpenter, T., Lewis Jr, N. A., Aberson, C. L., Bostyn, C. L., Conrique, B. G., Ng, B. W., Schoemann, A. M., & Soderberg, C. (2024). Power to detect what? Considerations for planning and evaluating sample size. Personality and Social Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/10888683241228328
Abstract: In the wake of the replication crisis, social and personality psychologists have increased attention to power analysis and the adequacy of sample sizes. In this paper, we analyze current controversies in this area, including choosing effect sizes, why and whether power analyses should be conducted on already-collected data, how to mitigate negative effects of sample size criteria on specific kinds of research, and which power criterion to use. For novel research questions, we advocate that researchers base sample sizes on effects that are likely to be cost-effective for other people to implement (in applied settings) or to study (in basic research settings), given the limitations of interest-based minimums or field-wide effect sizes. We discuss two alternatives to power analysis, precision analysis and sequential analysis, and end with recommendations for improving the practices of researchers, reviewers, and journal editors in social-personality psychology. [PDF]
Johnson, A. L., Levesque, C., Lewis Jr, N. A., & Asad, A. L. (2024). Deportation threat predicts Latino US citizens and noncitizens’ psychological distress, 2011 to 2018. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121(9), e2306554121.
Abstract: The national context of deportation threat, defined as the federal government’s approach to deportation and/or deportation’s salience to the US public, fluctuated between 2011 and 2018. US Latinos across citizenship statuses may have experienced growing psychological distress associated with these changes, given their disproportionate personal or proximal vulnerabilities to deportation. Drawing on 8 y of public- and restricted-access data from the National Health Interview Survey (2011 to 2018), this article examines trends in psychological distress among Latinos who are US-born citizens, naturalized citizens, and noncitizens. It then seeks to explain these trends by considering two theoretical pathways through which the national context of deportation threat could distress Latinos: 1) through discrete dramatic societal events that independently signal a change to the country’s approach to deportation and/or that render deportation temporarily more salient to the public or 2) through more gradual changes to the country’s everyday institutional (i.e., quotidian efforts to detain and deport noncitizens) and social (i.e., deportation’s ongoing salience to a concerned public) environment of deportation threat. We find that, though both pathways matter to some degree, there is more consistent evidence that the gradual changes are associated with Latino US citizens and noncitizens’ overall experiences of psychological distress. The article highlights how, even absent observable spillover effects of dramatic societal events bearing on deportation threat, the institutional and social environment in which they occur implicates Latinos’ well-being. [HTML]
*Jouzi, Z., *San Diego, L., Lewis Jr, N. A., & Leak, T. M. (2024). How can transitional housing be improved? Insights from residents’ experiences and perceptions in New York City. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(7), 829. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070829.
Abstract: Homelessness, affecting over half a million Americans, significantly elevates the risks of mental and physical health issues, consequently diminishing life expectancy when compared with the general population. Homelessness is a critical public health issue, and efforts are needed to address lack of housing as a social determinant of health. Transitional housing (TH) programs emerge as vital interventions, offering a place to stay with various support services to facilitate the transition to permanent residency. Nearly half of the unhoused population in the country and over 90% in New York live in TH or shelters. Despite the high utilization rates of TH, engagement with support services and opportunities for improvement remain poorly understood. This study aimed to fill this gap by examining the factors influencing support service usage and opportunities for enhancement through semi-structured interviews with TH residents in New York City to capture their lived experiences and perspectives. Analysis of the interviews (n = 20) revealed five main factors affecting service engagement that aligned with constructs of the socioecological model: intrapersonal (self-efficacy, chronic health conditions, mental health), interpersonal (parenthood and well-being of children with special needs, individual staff interactions, and communication), institutional (bureaucratic challenges, administrative burden, and living facilities), community (social isolation and educational opportunity), and policy (challenge meeting basic needs and undocumented status). Recommendations for bridging service gaps primarily arose at the institutional and community levels, offering critical insights for administrators to tailor services more effectively to TH residents’ needs, thus contributing to the broader goal of advancing health equity among the unhoused. [HTML]
*Le Forestier, J. M. & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2024). When and why people conceal their identities. Nature Reviews Psychology, 3, 489-498. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-024-00324-x
Abstract: Many people conceal identities as a strategy for managing the impressions others have of them. They do so because they believe that managing those impressions can be consequential for their ability to pursue their goals. However, the scope of when people engage in identity concealment, and the process by which that concealment unfolds, are unclear. In this Perspective, we review the literature on identity concealment and synthesize it into a model of concealment that specifies the conditions under which people conceal identities. This model advances theory by explicitly modelling the role of concealability (including differences in concealability attributable to identities, individuals, contexts and interactions between them), accounting for multiple motives for concealment that are related to different levels of the ecological systems in which people are embedded (including goals beyond stigma management), and specifying the social-cognitive process by which these abilities and goals result in concealment. [PDF]
Milkman, K. L, Ellis, S. F., Gromet, D. M., Jung, Y., Luscher, A. S., Mobarak, R. S., Paxson, M. K., Silvera Zumaran, R. A., Kuan, R., Berman, R., Lewis Jr, N. A., List, J. A., Patel, M. S., Van den Bulte, C., Volpp, K. G., Beauvais, M. V., Bellows, J. K., Marandola, C. A., & Duckworth, A. L. (2024). Megastudy shows that reminders boost vaccination but adding free rides does not. Nature, 631, 179-188.
Abstract: Encouraging routine COVID-19 vaccinations is likely to be a crucial policy challenge for decades to come. To avert hundreds of thousands of unnecessary hospitalizations and deaths, adoption will need to be higher than it was in the autumn of 2022 or 2023, when less than one-fifth of Americans received booster vaccines. One approach to encouraging vaccination is to eliminate the friction of transportation hurdles. Previous research has shown that friction can hinder follow-through and that individuals who live farther from COVID-19 vaccination sites are less likely to get vaccinated. However, the value of providing free round-trip transportation to vaccination sites is unknown. Here we show that offering people free round-trip Lyft rides to pharmacies has no benefit over and above sending them behaviourally informed text messages reminding them to get vaccinated. We determined this by running a megastudy with millions of CVS Pharmacy patients in the United States testing the effects of (1) free round-trip Lyft rides to CVS Pharmacies for vaccination appointments and (2) seven different sets of behaviourally informed vaccine reminder messages. Our results suggest that offering previously vaccinated individuals free rides to vaccination sites is not a good investment in the United States, contrary to the high expectations of both expert and lay forecasters. Instead, people in the United States should be sent behaviourally informed COVID-19 vaccination reminders, which increased the 30-day COVID-19 booster uptake by 21% (1.05 percentage points) and spilled over to increase 30-day infuenza vaccinations by 8% (0.34 percentage points) in our megastudy. More rigorous testing of interventions to promote vaccination is needed to ensure that evidence-based solutions are deployed widely and that ineffective but intuitively appealing tools are discontinued. [PDF]
Neumann, M., Moore, S., Baum, L. M., Oleinikov, P., *Xu, Y., Niederdeppe, J., Lewis Jr, N. A., Gollust, S. E., & Fowler, E. F. (2024). Politicizing masks? Examining the volume and content of local news coverage of face coverings in the U.S. through the COVID-19 pandemic. Political Communication, 41(1), 66-106.
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic quickly became a political and health communication crisis whose impact varied by geographic location in the United States. Although local television is known to be an important source of public information, little is known about how it covered the pandemic. We analyze the volume and content of local TV coverage of masks from 758 stations across all 210 U.S. media markets in the first 22 months of the pandemic to assess how often news mentions masks and the extent to which mask wearing is framed as a contentious issue by highlighting controversy and partisan cues. Overall, we find widespread but variable attention to masks throughout the pandemic at levels frequently matching or exceeding the initial coverage of the CDC recommendation to wear face coverings. Controversial coverage of face masks peaks in late summer 2021 at roughly 23 percent, amid the rise of the new Delta variant, although partisan controversy comprises a relatively small portion of mask-related television news. Case rates, population size and density of the market, and partisanship of the local area are associated with volume and content of mask coverage, but these relationships vary over time. We also find evidence that stations owned by the Sinclair Broadcasting Group air fewer stories about masks and more controversy including partisan conflict in their mask coverage. The results add further support to the notion that the messaging surrounding COVID-19 on television varies in part based on geographic location and corresponding demographics but may also vary based upon ideological commitments of station owners. [PDF]
Zeidan, R., de Almeida, S. L., Bo, I., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2024). Racial and income-based affirmative action in higher education admissions: Lessons from the Brazilian experience. Journal of Economic Surveys, 38(3), 956-972. http://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12564
Abstract: This survey article provides insights regarding the future of affirmative action by analyzing the implementation methods and the empirical evidence on the use of placement quotas in the Brazilian higher education system. All federal universities have required income and racial-based quotas in Brazil since 2012. Affirmative action in federal universities is uniformly applied across the country, which makes evaluating its effects particularly valuable. Affirmative action improves the outcomes of targeted students. Specifically, race-based quotas raise the share of black students in federal universities, an effect not observed with income-based quotas alone. Affirmative action has downstream positive consequences for labor market outcomes. The results suggest that income and race-based quotas beneficiaries experience substantial long-term welfare benefits. There is no evidence of mismatching or negative consequences for targeted students’ peers. [PDF]
2023
Lewis Jr, N. A. (2023). Cultivating equal minds: Laws and policies as (de)biasing social interventions. Annual Review of Law and Social Science. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-111622-063213
Abstract: To address issues of bias and discrimination in many areas of social life, scientists have developed a variety of strategies to “debias” people’s minds and reduce discrimination and the disparities that stem from it. A large body of research has documented however, that debias trainings have short-lived effects on changing patterns of thinking (i.e., they last less than 24 hours), and they have minimal effects on behaviors. In this paper, I argue that such limited effects of one-time trainings are to be expected, given the segregated and stratified social structure we live in that was created by historic and contemporary laws and policies. After explaining the mechanisms through which laws and policies create biased people, I then explain how laws and policies can instead be used as levers to create long-lasting changes in biases. [PDF]
Lewis Jr, N. A. & Niederdeppe, J. (2023). Experimetal Research: Non-Clinical. In International Encyclopedia of Health Communication (eds E. Y. Ho, C. L. Bylund, J. C. M. van Weert, I. Basnyat, N Bol and M. Dean). SAGE. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119678816.iehc0796
Abstract: Health communication scholars are often interested in understanding causal relationships between communication variables, health behaviors, and health outcomes. Experiments offer powerful tools for understanding causal relationships in health communication research, but may or may not be appropriate given the interests of the researcher and the nature of the communication phenomena of interest. This entry begins by distinguishing between true experiments (which involve random assignment) and quasi experiments (which do not). It continues with a discussion of ethical issues to consider when deciding whether or not to use experiments for health communication research. It describes a variety of potential uses of experiments to answer important questions in health communication, including formative research to inform decisions about a campaign, evaluation research to test the effectiveness of a communication intervention, research to understand the relative contribution of communication within larger health interventions, and research to test and refine theories relevant to health communication. It concludes with reflection on a variety of contemporary issues in the use of experiments for health communication research, including difficulty in capturing the complexity of the networked digital information environment, diversity in research participants, replicability and reproducibility, open science, and preregistration.
Niederdeppe, J., *Liu, J., *Spruill, M., Lewis Jr, N. A., Moore, S., Fowler, E. F., & Gollust, S. E. (2023). Strategic messaging to promote policies that advance racial equity: What do we know, and what do we need to learn? The Milbank Quarterly, 101(2), 349-425.
Abstract: Context: Long-standing racial inequities in health and well-being are shaped by racialized public policies that perpetuate disadvantage among Black, Brown, Indigenous, and people of color. Strategic messaging can accelerate public and policymaker support for public policies that advance population health. We lack a comprehensive understanding of lessons learned from work on policy messaging to advance racial equity and the gaps in knowledge it reveals. Methods: A scoping review of peer-reviewed studies from communication, psychology, political science, sociology, public health, and health policy that have tested how various message strategies influence support and mobilization for racial equity policy domains across a wide variety of social systems. We used keyword database searches, author bibliographic searches, and reviews of reference lists from relevant sources to compile 55 peer-reviewed papers with 80 studies that used experiments to test the effects of one or more message strategies in shaping support for racial equity–related policies, as well as the cognitive/emotional factors that predict their support. Findings: Most studies report on the short-term effects of very short message manipulations. Although many of these studies find evidence that reference to race or use of racial cues tend to undermine support for racial equity–related policies, the accumulated body of evidence has generally not explored the effects of richer, more nuanced stories of lived experience and/or detailed historical and contemporary accounts of the ways racism is embedded in public policy design and implementation. A few well-designed studies offer evidence that longer-form messages framed to emphasize social and structural causes of racial inequity can enhance support for policies to advance racial equity, though many questions require further research. [PDF]
Pearson, A. R., White, K. E., Nogueira, L., Lewis Jr, N. A., Green, D. J., Schuldt, J. P., & Edmondson, D. (2023). Climate change and health equity: A research agenda for psychological science. American Psychologist, 78(2), 244-258.
Abstract: Climate change poses unique and substantial threats to public health and well-being, from heat stress, flooding, and the spread of infectious disease to food and water insecurity, conflict, displacement, and direct health hazards linked to fossil fuels. These threats are especially acute for frontline communities. Addressing climate change and its unequal impacts requires psychologists to consider temporal and spatial dimensions of health, compound risks, as well as structural sources of vulnerability implicated by few other public health challenges. In this review, we consider climate change as a unique context for the study of health inequities and the roles of psychologists and health care practitioners in addressing it. We conclude by discussing the research infrastructure needed to broaden current understanding of these inequities, including new cross-disciplinary, institutional, and community partnerships, and offer six practical recommendations for advancing the psychological study of climate health equity and its societal relevance. [PDF]
*Spuill, M., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2023). How do people come to judge what is “reasonable”? Effects of legal and sociological systems on human psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 18(2), 378-391.
Abstract: How do people decide what is reasonable? We often have to make those judgments, judgments that can influence tremendously consequential decisions—such as whether to indict someone in a legal proceeding. In this paper we take a situated cognition lens to review and integrate findings from social psychology, judgment and decision making, communication, law, and sociology, to generate a new framework for conceptualizing judgments of reasonableness and their implications for how people make decisions, particularly in the context of the legal system. We theorize that differences in structural and social contexts create information asymmetries that shape people’s priors about what is, and is not, reasonable, as well as how they update their priors in the face of new information. We use the legal system as a context for exploring the implications of the framework for both individual and collective decision-making, as well as for considering the practical implications of the framework for inequities in law and social policy. [PDF]
*Xu, Y., **Farkouh, E. K., **Dunetz, C. A., **Varanasi, S. L., **Mathews, S. J., Gollust, S. E., Fowler, E. F., Moore, S. T., Lewis Jr, N. A., & Niederdeppe, J. (2023). Local TV news coverage of racial disparities in COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic. Race and Social Problems, 15, 201-213.
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted health and social outcomes for people of color in the United States. This study examined how local TV news stories attributed causes and solutions for COVID-19-related racial health and social disparities, and whether coverage of such disparities changed after George Floyd’s murder, during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. We systematically validated keywords to extract relevant news content and conducted a content analysis of 169 discrete local TV news stories aired between March and June 2020 from 80 broadcast networks within 22 purposefully selected media markets. We found that social determinants of COVID-19 related racial disparities have been part of the discussion in local TV news, but racism as a public health crisis was rarely mentioned. Coverage of racial disparities focused far more attention on physical health outcomes than broader social impacts. Stories cited more structural factors than individual factors, as causes of these disparities. After the murder of George Floyd, stories were more likely to mention Black and Latinx people than other populations impacted by COVID-19. Only 9% of local news stories referenced racism, and stories referenced politicians more frequently than public health experts. [PDF]
*Yeh, J., Niederdeppe, J., Lewis Jr, N. A., & Jernigan, D. (2023). Social media campaigns to influence alcohol consumption and related harms, attitudes, and awareness: A systematic review. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.22-00264
Abstract: Objective: Given social media’s reach and potential, a systematic review is needed to assess their effectiveness in influencing alcohol consumption and related harms, attitudes, and awareness. Method: We searched twelve databases from inception to December 2022, along with reference lists of eligible studies. We included studies of any design conducted in any country, reported in English, evaluating campaigns using social media alone or in combination with other media. We assessed study quality, extracted data, and completed a narrative synthesis. Results: Eleven of 6,442 unique studies met inclusion criteria, spanning 17 countries, targeting diverse populations, and predominantly employing repeated cross-sectional study designs. Most were of weak quality. Only three studies evaluated campaigns relying solely or primarily on social media. Two drink-driving campaigns had no behavioural impact while two others found behavior change. Two of three studies targeting college student drinking found significant reductions in drinking post campaign, but a third detected no differences in quality or duration of drinking. Only one study measured changes in attitudes, finding the campaign significantly increased policy support for key alcohol policies. All studies noted awareness, but only six quantified short-term measures, showing increased campaign awareness. Conclusions: It is unclear from the peer reviewed literature whether public health-oriented social media campaigns can influence alcohol consumption and related harms, attitudes, and/or awareness. Our review nevertheless indicates that social media campaigns offer potential in some populations to influence these outcomes. There is an urgent need for the public health field to test and rigorously evaluate social media’s utility as a vehicle for influencing population-level alcohol consumption and related problems, attitudes and awareness.
2022
*Bell, M., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2022). Universities claim to value community-engaged scholarship, so why do they discourage it? Public Understanding of Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/09636625221118779
Abstract: With current crises of academic relevance and legitimacy, there is a need for epistemic equity inherent to community-engaged research. Scholars in science communication and science and technology studies have analyzed, advocated for, and conducted public engagement in pursuit of this goal. However, despite desires to celebrate public engagement, US academic institutions and organizations often present barriers to meaningful community-engaged research. From tenure and promotion requirements, to lack of recognition and resources, universities in the American academic landscape are not currently organized to support such work. In this paper, we offer a conceptual framework to examine the complex structural dimensions of academic institutions that have systematically discouraged and devalued faculty participation in community-engaged scholarship. We outline four such structural dimensions, interrogating epistemic biases, neoliberalist tendencies, gendered norms, and colonial-racist defaults. Our goal is to illuminate processes that could inform interventions to bridge the gap between academic aspirations for community-engaged work and current actions in the academy that undermine it. [PDF]
Cikara, M., Martinez, J., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2022). Moving beyond social categories by incorporating context more deeply in social psychological theory. Nature Reviews Psychology, 1, 537-549.
Abstract: Across phenomena and areas of inquiry, social psychology often emphasizes social categories as the unit of explanation. In this Perspective we exhort researchers to move beyond categories and incorporate context more deeply into their theorizing. To make this call actionable, we have introduced constructionism, materialism/assemblage, and dynamic systems as alternative frameworks and presented examples of how these frameworks are already appearing in social psychology research over the last several years. Although the work featured here is not an exhaustive review of research emphasizing context in psychological theorizing, we hope that it makes clear the urgent need for integrating alternatives to category-based or pseudo-universal frameworks. More generally, it highlights the generativity and necessity of focusing more on psychological, structural, and material features (rather than classifications), their interconnections, and temporal dynamism in conducting social science that considers context. [PDF]
Ledgerwood, A., Hudson, S. T. J., Lewis Jr, N. A., Maddox, K., Pickett, C., Remedios, J., Cheryan, S., … & Wilkins, C. (2022). The Pandemic as a Portal: Reimagining Psychological Science as Truly Open and Inclusive. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17(4), 937-959.
Abstract: Psychological science is at an inflection point: The COVID-19 pandemic has already begun to exacerbate inequalities that stem from our historically closed and exclusive culture. Meanwhile, reform efforts to change the future of our science are too narrow in focus to fully succeed. In this paper, we call on psychological scientists—focusing specifically on those who use quantitative methods in the United States as one context for such conversations—to begin reimagining our discipline as fundamentally open and inclusive. First, we discuss who our discipline was designed to serve and how this history produced the inequitable reward and support systems we see today. Second, we highlight how current institutional responses to address worsening inequalities are inadequate, as well as how our disciplinary perspective may both help and hinder our ability to craft effective solutions. Third, we take a hard look in the mirror at the disconnect between what we ostensibly value as a field and what we actually practice. Fourth and finally, we lead readers through a roadmap for reimagining psychological science in whatever roles and spaces they occupy, from an informal discussion group in a department to a formal strategic planning retreat at a scientific society. [PDF]
Ledgerwood, A., Pickett, C., Navarro, D., Remedios, J. D., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2022). The unbearable limitations of solo science: Team science as a path for more rigorous and relevant research. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 45, e81.
Abstract: Both early social psychologists and the modern, interdisciplinary scientific community have advocated for diverse team science. We echo this call and describe three common pitfalls of solo science illustrated by the target article. We discuss how a collaborative and inclusive approach to science can both help researchers avoid these pitfalls and pave the way for more rigorous and relevant research. [PDF]
Lewis Jr, N. A. (2022). A plea for better working conditions for young scientists. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.caredit.abi6902.
Abstract: This Letter to Young Scientists discusses the need for improving conditions in the scientific workforce to better support young scientists. [HTML]
Lewis Jr, N. A. (2022). What universities say versus do about diversity, equity, and inclusion. Nature Human Behaviour, 6(5), 610.
Abstract: The stories that US universities tell about diversity, equity and inclusion do not translate to actions, explains Neil A. Lewis, Jr. Instead, their actions disadvantage the people they allegedly support. [PDF]
Lewis Jr, N. A. (2022). What would make cognitive science more useful? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 26(12), 1038-1039.
Abstract: What would make cognitive science more useful? In this essay, I argue that the cognitive sciences could advance theories and be more useful to society if they devoted more effort to conducting research in ways that include a more diverse set of participants and stakeholders than they have historically. [HTML]
Matias, J. N., Lewis Jr, N. A., & Hope, E. (2022). US Universities are not succeeding in diversifying faculty. Nature Human Behaviour, 6, 1606-1608.
Abstract: US universities have made public commitments to recruit and retain faculty of colour. Analysis of three federal datasets shows that at current rates diversity in US faculty will never reach racial parity. Yet, colleges and universities could achieve parity by 2050 by diversifying their faculty at 3.5 times the current pace. [PDF]
*Premachandra, B., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2022). Do We Report the Information that is Necessary to Give Psychology Away? A Scoping Review of the Psychological Intervention Literature 2000-2018. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17(1), 226-238.
Abstract: Psychologists are spending a considerable amount of time researching and developing interventions, in hopes that our efforts can help to tackle some of society’s pressing problems. Unfortunately, those hopes are often not realized—many interventions are developed and reported in our journals but do not make their way into the broader world they were designed to change. One potential reason for this is that there may be a gap between the information reported in our papers, and the information others, such as practitioners, need to implement our findings. We explored this possibility in the current paper. We conducted a scoping review to assess the extent to which the information needed for implementation is reported in psychological intervention papers. Results suggest psychological intervention papers report, at most, 64% of the information needed to implement interventions. We discuss the implications of this for both psychological theories and applying them in the world. [PDF]
Schuldt, J. P., Pearson, A. R., Lewis Jr, N. A., Jardina, A., & Enns, P. (2022). How inequality and misperceptions of group concerns threaten science and its societal impact. ANNALS of the American Academy of Political & Social Science, 700(1), 195-207.
Abstract: Racial and ethnic minorities and lower-income groups are disproportionately affected by environmental hazards and suffer worse health outcomes than other groups in the United States. Survey research finds that these same groups frequently express greater concern about high-profile global environmental threats, like climate change, relative to Whites and higher-income groups. Yet as we discuss, research also reveals that minority and lower-income Americans are widely misperceived as being less concerned about these issues than White and higher-income Americans. We extend this work by exploring public perceptions of COVID-19 concerns, another global threat marked by substantial racial, ethnic, and class disparities. We find distinct patterns of misperceptions regarding groups’ concerns about COVID-19, and more generally, discuss how such misperceptions constitute a unique form of social misinformation that may undermine cooperation and trust needed to address collective problems, posing a threat to science and its societal impact. [PDF]
*Spruill, M., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2022). Legal descriptions of police officers affect how citizens judge them. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 101, 104306.
Abstract: How does legal terminology affect our mental representations of police officers? In two experiments (N = 2,001) with jury-eligible Americans, we examined the dual influence of social stratification and legal language on how Americans form judgments of police officers. We manipulated descriptions of officers—using laymen’s terms or legal terms—and assessed how those descriptions differentially affected Americans’ conceptions of officers. Officers described as “objectively reasonable” (a legal term) were judged less negatively and perceived as warmer and more competent than “average” officers or just “officers”. Further, effects of legal language were moderated by race and neighborhood context, consistent with racialized experiences in a stratified nation. Specifically, the priors of Black and white Americans in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas differ significantly at baseline (i.e., in the control condition), but are brought in alignment—in favor of officers—when officers are described as “objectively reasonable”. We discuss the implications of these processes for both psychological theory and legal practice. [PDF] [OSF]
*Tepper, S. J., *Spruill, M., *Premachandra, B., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2022). Surveys as conversations between makers ant takers: A conversational framework for assessing and responding to community needs. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 22(3), 857-875.
Abstract: Surveys, commonly employed in the social and behavioral sciences, are practical tools that can be used to assess the needs and attitudes of a given population. If not implemented in thoughtful ways, however, surveys can be inefficient or even harmful. With surveys often informing critical policy decisions, survey administrators must make careful methodological choices in order to obtain meaningful results and make sound decisions. In this paper, we review the social scientific literature on survey construction to aid policymakers, practitioners, and other survey administrators in understanding their position, identifying their participants, and establishing a plan for their surveys. We provide an overarching framework for survey design, guided by the idea that surveys are conversations between administrators and participants, in order to help creators of surveys make better decisions and engage more effectively with the communities they serve. [PDF]
2021
*Berry, Z., Lewis Jr, N. A., & Sowden, W. J. (2021). The Double-Edged Sword of Loyalty. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 30(4), 321-326.
Abstract: Loyalty has long been associated with being moral and upstanding, but recent research has begun documenting how loyalty can lead us to do unethical things. Here we offer an integrative perspective that explains when and why loyalty leads to both ethical and unethical outcomes. We suggest that a variety of bottom-up and top-down psychological processes lead us to be loyal to people and organizations we have obligations to, and that these processes operate in ways that reduce the cognitive dissonance that we experience in situations in which our loyalties conflict with other moral principles. In this article, we articulate what loyalty is, describe the typical objects of our loyalty, explain the mental processes involved in navigating loyalty dilemmas, and end by offering an integrative perspective that illuminates why loyalty leads to both ethical and unethical outcomes. [PDF]
Choo, E., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2021). What we’ve learned from communicating our science during the pandemic. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.caredit.abg9111.
Abstract: This Letter to Young Scientists discusses strategies for engaging in science communication during uncertain times. [HTML]
Dienlin, T., …, Lewis Jr, N. A., & de Vreese, C. (2021). An Agenda for Open Science in Communication. Journal of Communication,71(1), 1-26.
Abstract: In the last ten years, many canonical findings in the social sciences have shown to be unreliable. This so-called replication crisis has spurred calls for open science practices, which aim to increase the reproducibility, replicability, and generalizability of findings. Communication research is subject to many of the same challenges that have caused low replicability in other fields. As a result, we propose an agenda for adopting open science practices in Communication research, which includes the following seven points: (1) publish materials, data, and code; (2) preregister studies and submit registered reports; (3) conduct replications; (4) collaborate; (5) foster open science skills; (6) implement Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) Guidelines; and (7) incentivize open science practices. While in our agenda we focus mostly on quantitative research, we also reflect on open science practices relevant to qualitative research. We conclude by discussing potential objections and concerns to open science practices. [PDF]
Humphreys, L., Lewis Jr, N. A., Sender, K., & Won, A. S. (2021). Integrating Qualitative Methods and Open Science: Five Principles for More Trustworthy Research. Journal of Communication, jqab06.
Abstract: Recent initiatives towards open science in communication have prompted vigorous debate. In this paper, we draw on qualitative and interpretive research methods to expand the key priorities that the open science framework addresses, namely producing trustworthy and quality research. This paper contributes to communication research by integrating qualitative methodological literature with open communication science research to identify five broader commitments for all communication research: validity, transparency, ethics, reflexivity, and collaboration. We identify key opportunities where qualitative and quantitative communication scholars can leverage the momentum of open science to critically reflect on and improve our knowledge production processes. We also examine competing values that incentivize dubious practices in communication research, and discuss several metascience initiatives to enhance diversity, equity, and inclusion in our field and value multiple ways of knowing. [PDF]
Lewis Jr, N. A. (2021). Can we achieve “equality” when we have different understandings of its meaning? How contexts and identities shape the pursuit of egalitarian goals. Psychological Inquiry, 32(3), 155-164.
Abstract: People in diverse societies often discuss and debate strategies for achieving egalitarian goals, such as achieving equality in their societies. A tacit assumption in these discussions is that all parties must agree on what equality means in order to pursue and achieve it. In this paper, I use the United States as a context to examine whether that assumption is reasonable, given the effects of macro-level structure and culture on individual psychologies. Specifically, I discuss how patterns of social stratification seep into the mind and affect how different groups of people perceive and make meaning of the world around them, including their understanding of concepts like equality. Further, I discuss what those processes mean for differential motivation to pursue egalitarian goals among sub-groups of people within shared, yet segregated, societies. Finally, I end with some considerations about pathways to achieve equality even when people disagree about what that actually means. [PDF]
Lewis Jr, N. A. (2021). The difficult but important journey from here to equality. Psychological Inquiry, 32(3), 191-196.
Abstract: For a variety of reasons outlined in the target article and commentaries in this issue, it is difficult to pursue equality in a multi-ethnic democracy (Levitsky & Ziblatt, 2018). This article responds to issues raised in the commentaries on the target article, then outlines steps that citizens, scientists, and policymakers can all take on the journey from here to equality. [PDF]
Lewis Jr, N. A. (2021). What counts as good science? How the battle for methodological legitimacy affects public psychology. American Psychologist, 76(8), 1323-1333.
Abstract: Part of the “boundary work” (Gieryn, 1983) throughout the history of psychology has been to divide the discipline into camps of ‘basic’ and ‘applied’ researchers who take different methodological approaches to construct knowledge. Each ‘side’ has come up with different processes for conceptualizing, constructing, and evaluating the legitimacy of knowledge claims, processes that have implications for applying research insights to practical issues in society. In this paper I review and synthesize research on the history of knowledge construction in both basic and applied psychology, and the implications of their respective methodological practices for their perceived legitimacy. I then discuss how the lessons learned from the past can be leveraged to address the current crisis of confidence in the “credibility revolution” era (Vazire, 2018), as well as the field’s perceived legitimacy to external stakeholders. Finally, I end with recommendations for structural changes to improve the credibility and legitimacy of our field’s findings as well as their relevance for achieving our public psychology goals. [PDF]
Lewis Jr, N. A., Green, D., Duker, A., & Onyeador, I. (2021). Not seeing eye to eye: Challenges to building ethnically and economically diverse environmental coalitions. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 42, 60-64.
Abstract: Environmental issues are collective action problems that can only be solved with coordinated efforts among diverse groups of people. Whether people are willing to collaborate to solve these problems, however, depends on their perceptions of, and trust in, each other. If people misperceive each other–for instance, due to inaccurate stereotypes about who truly cares about environmental issues–then it becomes difficult to build diverse coalitions to address these collective problems. In this paper we review recent research on factors that lead diverse groups of people to misperceive each others’ environmental concerns and the consequences of these misperceptions for collective action. We then conclude by discussing a more inclusive approach for building diverse coalitions in environmental movements. [PDF]
Lewis Jr, N. A., *Kougias, D. G., *Takahashi, K. J., & Earl, A. (2021). The Behavior of Same-Race Others and its Effects on Black Patients’ Attention to Publicly Presented HIV-Prevention Information. Health Communication, 36(10), 1252-1259.
Abstract: Black Americans make up 13% of the U.S. population (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010), yet account for 54% of HIV deaths and 44% of new HIV diagnoses. Why do Black Americans die from HIV at such a disproportionate rate? In the current study, we asked whether the presence and behavior of in-group peers in public health settings may influence Black Americans’ attention to HIV information, given the racialized nature of HIV-stigma in Black American communities. In a quasi-experimental field study conducted in a public health clinic (N = 260), we found that Black patients were less likely to pay attention to HIV-prevention information in the presence of other Black patients, unless those patients were also paying attention to the information. In contrast, Black patients’ attention was unaffected by the presence of White patients. We end by discussing the implications of these findings for health communication theories and health practice geared toward reducing racial-health disparities in the United States. [PDF]
Lewis Jr, N. A., & Wai, J. (2021). Communicating What We Know, and What Isn’t So: Science Communication in Psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620964062
Abstract: The field of psychology has a long history of encouraging researchers to disseminate our findings to the broader public. This trend has continued in recent decades in part due to professional psychology organizations re-issuing calls to “give psychology away.” This recent wave of calls to give psychology away is different, because it has been occurring alongside another movement in the field—the credibility revolution (Vazire, 2018)—in which psychology has been reckoning with meta-scientific questions about what exactly it is that we know. This creates a dilemma for the modern psychologist: how are we to “give psychology away” if we are unsure about what we know, or what we have to give? In the current paper, we discuss strategies for navigating this tension by drawing on insights from the inter-disciplinary fields of science communication and persuasion and social influence. [PDF]
Onyeador, I., Hudson, S. T. J., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2021). Moving beyond implicit bias training: Policy insights for increasing organizational diversity. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8(1), 19-26.
Abstract: Many organizations are working to address diversity, equity, and inclusion. Organizations frequently use implicit bias to explain disparities and marshal implicit bias training as a solution. These trainings are insufficient, so organizations should move beyond implicit bias trainings in their diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts. Organizations should 1) use trainings as a tool to educate members of their organizations about bias and about organizational efforts to address diversity, equity, and inclusion; 2) prepare for, rather than accommodate, defensive responses from dominant group members; and 3) implement structures that foster organizational responsibility for diversity, equity, and inclusion goals; opportunities for high-quality intergroup contact; affinity groups for underrepresented people; welcoming and inclusive messaging; and processes that bypass interpersonal bias. Although no simple, one-size-fits-all solutions address organizational diversity, organizational leaders have many tools they need to design more effective diversity strategies. [PDF]
*Pinedo, A., *Vossoughi, N., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2021). Critical pedagogy and children’s beneficial development. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8(2), 183-191.
Abstract: Ongoing controversy debates whether public schools should implement critical pedagogy–curricula centering on the perspectives of marginalized peoples. Despite much contention, students (particularly racially marginalized students) enrolled in courses that employ critical pedagogy demonstrate more school engagement, higher GPAs, and more civic engagement than students who do not. Building on previous reviews, this articles briefly summarizes the history and controversy of critical pedagogy, evaluates the scientific evidence surrounding it, and offers suggestions on how to make the most of critical pedagogy in academic curricula.
Somerville, L. H., Van Bavel, J. J., Lewis Jr, N. A., Gruber, J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2021). Learn when—and how—to say no in your professional life. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.caredit.abe5459
Abstract: This Letter to Young Scientists discusses strategies for saying no to maintain balance in scientific life. [HTML]
*Tepper, S. J., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2021). When the going gets tough, how do we perceive the future? Social Cognition, 39(4), 526-541.
Abstract: People struggle to stay motivated to work toward difficult goals. Sometimes the feeling of difficulty signals that the goal is important and worth pursuing; other times, it signals that the goal is impossible and should be abandoned. In this paper, we argue that how difficulty is experienced depends on how we perceive and experience the timing of difficult events. We synthesize research from across the social and behavioral sciences and propose a new integrated model to explain how components of time perception interact with interpretations of experienced difficulty to influence motivation and goal-directed behavior. Although these constructs have been studied separately in previous research, we suggest that these factors are inseparable and that an integrated model will help us to better understand motivation and predict behavior. We conclude with new empirical questions to guide future research and by discussing the implications of this research for both theory and intervention practice. [PDF]
**Williams-Ceci, S., **Grose, G. E., **Pinch, A. C., Kizilcec, R. F., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2021). Combatting sharenting: Interventions to alter parents’ attitudes towards posting about their children online. Computers in Human Behavior, 106939.
Abstract: Sharenting is a recent phenomenon in which parents disclose detailed information about their children online, which can risk their children’s long-term safety and parental relationships. To mitigate these risks and discourage the sharing of inappropriate content, we developed and tested two interventions to deter sharenting in a randomized controlled experiment with 246 parents. Parents watched a video about the dangers of sharenting (Intervention 1) with some assigned to write a summary of this video (Intervention 2) while the remaining participants watched a video unrelated to sharenting (Control). We found that the intervention reduced parents’ willingness to post both inappropriate and appropriate content about children, but only if parents reflected on
the video message in writing. The interventions did not, however, change parents’ attitudes about asking their children for permission before posting. The results advance our understanding of sharenting and offer insights about potential brief and scalable approaches to mitigate sharenting and its consequences. In particular, we demonstrate that a purely informational intervention is not as effective as one that encourages substantive reflection. [PDF]
Yudkin, D. A., Stolier, R. M., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2021). Changing perceptions around nontraditional career trajectories in psychological science. Trends in Cognitive Sciences.
Abstract: In a tightening job market, early career researchers may consider employment opportunities outside academia. Yet there is the widespread belief that such employment experience is perceived negatively by academic hiring committees. Changing perceptions and practices around this issue would benefit these researchers and the field of psychology as a whole. [HTML]
2020
Bayer, J. B., Lewis Jr, N. A., & *Stahl, J. L. (2020). Who Comes to Mind? Dynamic Construction of Social Networks. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(3), 279-285.
Abstract: Much remains unknown about moment-to-moment social network cognition – i.e., who comes to mind as we go about our day-to-day lives. Responding to this void, here we describe the real-time construction of cognitive social networks. First, we outline the types of relational structures that comprise momentary networks, distinguishing the roles of personal relationships, social groups, and mental sets. Second, we discuss the cognitive mechanisms that determine which individuals are activated – and which are neglected – through a dynamic process. Looking forward, we contend that these overlooked mechanisms represent a rising consideration for society in light of emerging network technologies. Finally, we chart the next steps for understanding social network cognition across real-world contexts, along with the built-in implications for social resources and intergroup disparities. [PDF]
Carter, E., Onyeador, I., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2020). Developing and Delivering Effective Anti-Bias Training: Challenges and Recommendations. Behavioral Science and Policy, 6(1), 57-70.
Abstract: As organizations invest nearly eight billion dollars annually into ‘diversity training,’ questions have arisen about whether training actually changes attitudes and behavior. The present article reviews the relevant evidence, noting that training should be explicitly anti-bias training, aiming to increase awareness of and concern about bias while providing bias management strategies that attendees can use to change their behavior. After outlining five challenges to developing and delivering training that meets these goals, we provide evidence-based recommendations facilitators can use as a blueprint for creating an anti-bias training that works. We recommend that organizations continue to invest in anti-bias training, along with other diversity and inclusion initiatives, to ensure the eight billion dollars spent each year yields meaningful change. [PDF]
Hall, M. P., Lewis Jr, N. A., Chandler, J., & Litman, L. (2020). Conducting Longitudinal Research on Amazon Mechanical Turk. In L. Litman & J. Robinson (Eds.). Conducting Online Research on Amazon Mechanical Turk and Beyond (pp. 198-216). SAGE.
Abstract: This research methods chapter outlines research design principles and practices for conducting longitudinal research in online settings. [PDF]
IJzerman, H., Lewis Jr, N. A., Przybylski, A. K., Weinstein, N. DeBruine, L., Ritchie, S., Vazire, S., Forscher, P. S., Morey, R., Ivory, J. D., & Anvari, F. (2020). Use caution when applying behavioural science to policy. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(11), 1092-1094. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-00990-w
Abstract: Social and behavioural scientists have attempted to speak to the COVID-19 crisis. But is behavioural research on COVID-19 suitable for making policy decisions? We offer a taxonomy that lets our science advance in Evidence Readiness Levels to be suitable for policy. We caution practitioners to take extreme care translating our findings to applications. [PDF]
Lewis Jr, N. A. (2020). Open Communication Science: A Primer on Why and Recommendations for How. Communication Methods and Measures, 14(2), 71-82.
Abstract: Communication scientists devote large amounts of resources to conducting studies to improve our understanding of the social world, in hopes that our efforts contribute to improving people’s life outcomes. Unfortunately, for a variety of reasons, the process by which our research is conducted is not always clear in our journal articles or books reporting our research. This lack of process-insight (a) limits our ability to build on each other’s research, (b) limits our holistic understanding of communication processes, and (c) limits the ability of consumers of our research to put it into practice. The current article discusses recent methodological advances designed to address these issues – advances in open science practices. I provide a brief primer on the philosophy behind open science and its relevance for communication research, then provide recommendations for both novice and expert researchers to implement open science practices at multiple steps of the research pipeline. [PDF]
Lewis Jr, N. A. (2020). What I’ve learned about being a Black scientist. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.caredit.abd3589.
Abstract: This Letter to Young Scientists discusses strategies for improving diversity and inclusion in scientific institutions. [HTML]
Lewis Jr, N. A., Bravo, M., *Naiman, S., Pearson, A. R., Romero-Canyas, R., Schuldt, J. P., & *Song, H. (2020). Using Qualitative Approaches to Improve Quantitative Inferences in Environmental Psychology. MethodsX, 7, 100943.
Abstract: This article describes the qualitative approach used to generate and interpret the quantitative study reported by Song and colleagues’ (2020) in their article, “What counts as an ‘environmental’ issue? Differences in environmental issue conceptualization across race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.” Song and colleagues (2020) describe the results of a survey documenting that, in the United States, White and high-SES respondents perceive environmental issues differently than their non-White and lower-SES counterparts, reflecting structural differences in environmental risks. While Song and colleagues (2020) discuss the survey results in detail, the discussion of the qualitative research that led to the creation of that survey was limited due to space constraints. The current article provides a more holistic account of the methods behind the Song and colleagues (2020) study by discussing the qualitative component of the research in detail. In addition to discussing how the qualitative research complements and critically informs the findings reported by Song et al., we also consider the broader implications and value of integrating qualitative and quantitative methods in environmental psychology. [PDF]
*Song, H., Lewis Jr, N. A., *Ballew, M., Bravo, M., *Davydova, J., Gao, H. O., Garcia, R., Hiltner, S., *Naiman, S., Pearson, A. R., Romero-Canyas, R., & Schuldt, J. P. (2020). What counts as an “environmental” issue? Differences in environmental issue conceptualization by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 68, 101404.
Abstract: Racial/ethnic minorities and lower-socioeconomic (SES) groups in the U.S. face disproportionate environmental risks, which may hold implications for how these groups construe environmental issues, relative to other segments of the public. We explored this possibility with a diverse sample of 1,191 U.S. adults, hypothesizing that, relative to White and higher-SES respondents, non-White and lower-SES respondents would rate a greater number of pressing societal issues as also “environmental.” Across 18 issues, ranging from ecological issues more traditionally the focus of environmental advocacy and scholarship (e.g., pollution; eco-oriented issues) to issues that also constitute human social determinants and consequences of environmental risk (e.g., poverty; human-oriented issues), non-White and lower-income respondents rated human-oriented issues as more “environmental.” Environmental justice perceptions partially mediated group differences in issue conceptualization. Results hold implications for the measurement of environmental attitudes and efforts to broaden public engagement within racially and economically diverse communities. [PDF]
Van Bavel, J. J., Gruber, J., Somerville, L. H., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2020). How to write a clear, compelling CV. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.caredit.aba8977.
Abstract: This Letter to Young Scientists discusses strategies for writing clear curriculum vitae, as well as “extended CVs” on the web. [HTML]
2019
Cunningham, W. A,. Gruber, J., Van Bavel, J. J., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2019). Conflict in your research group? Here are four strategies for seeking a resolution. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.caredit.aba2636
Abstract: This Letter to Young Scientists discusses strategies for resolving conflicts in research teams to create more harmonious research environments. [HTML]
Earl, A., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2019). Health in Context: New Perspectives on Healthy Thinking and Healthy Living. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 81(3), 1-4.
Abstract: People do not want to get sick, become disabled, or die young. At the same time, many people have trouble giving up unhealthy lifestyle choices or adopting healthy behaviors or goals. To help people overcome the struggles associated with improving and maintaining good health, researchers and practitioners have developed a variety of health behavior change interventions. Unfortunately, reluctant audiences are often unwilling to enroll or remain in structured, standardized interventions. In addition, behavior change recommendations often have low generalizability outside of the context of the intervention program and recommendations (and health behaviors more broadly) may resonate differently among different sub-groups of the population depending on how they are framed. What can be done to increase the efficacy of health behavior change interventions? Our objective in this special issue was to integrate novel research targeted towards improving health outcomes, while simultaneously improving process models to understand motivation, self-control, and other likely levers for effective behavior change, with examples from laboratory and field-based interventions. In this editorial, we first give an overview of how we operationalize health, and then discuss the role of context in health behavior, including (a) the advantages of systematically examining the role of context, (b) how we, as a field, can study context effects in a way that is generative for theory development and testing, and (c) the implications of studying context for different types of interventions. [PDF]
Lewis Jr, N. A. (2019b). Who Needs to Say What to Whom for an Intervention to Have its Intended Effect? Examining Heterogeneity in Behavioral Science Interventions. LIFE Newsletter, International Max Plank Institute for Human Development, 13(3), 9-12.
Abstract: This article outlines the benefits of studying heterogeneity in behavioral science interventions for improving social scientific theories, and making social science more useful for practice.
Lewis Jr, N. A. (2019a). Studying People in Their Local Environments. APS Observer, 32(3), 29-30.
Abstract: This article discusses how using mobile research laboratories can help psychology achieve its goal of generating more generalizable knowledge about human behavior and mental processes. [HTML]
Lewis Jr, N. A., Gruber, J., Van Bavel, J. J., & Somerville, L. H. (2019). Three tips for giving a great research talk. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.caredit.aax7352.
Abstract: This Letter to Young Scientists discusses strategies for delivering effective research talks. [HTML]
Lewis Jr, N. A., Sekaquaptewa, D., & Meadows, L. (2019). Modeling gender counter-stereotypic group behavior: a brief video intervention reduces participation gender gaps on STEM teams. Social Psychology of Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-019-09489-3
Abstract: In STEM project group teams, men speak for more time (Meadows & Sekaquaptewa, 2011) and engage in more active technical participation than women, which can have negative long-term consequences (Cheryan et al., 2017; Lord et al., 2011). In the current study, we tested the effects of a brief counter-stereotypic video intervention on gender gaps in verbal participation on mixed-gender teams of STEM students (N =143). Participants viewed either a control video of an engineering student team behaving in a gender stereotype-consistent way (men talked longer and presented more technical information than women) in a group presentation and group interview, or a gender counter-stereotypic intervention version (roles reversed) prior to engaging in their own STEM group project task in a laboratory setting. Analysis of video footage of the groups showed that men spoke longer than women in the control condition, but men and women spoke for equal time in the intervention condition. This result was corroborated by participants’ self-report of their verbal participation in their group. [PDF] [OSF- Supplemental Materials]
Lewis Jr, N. A., Somerville, L. H., Van Bavel, J. J., Gruber, J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2019). Step back to move forward: Setting new priorities in the new year. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.caredit.aaw5301.
Abstract: This Letter to Young Scientists discusses setting priorities for the new year and developing actionable plans for goal achievement. [HTML]
Lewis Jr, N. A., Somerville, L. H., Van Bavel, J. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2019). Help funders help you: Five tips for writing effective funding applications. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.caredit.aaz6040.
Abstract: This Letter to Young Scientists discusses strategies for writing grants and getting them funded. [HTML]
Lewis Jr, N. A., Van Bavel, J. J., Gruber, J., Somerville, L. H., & Cunningham, W. A. (2019). School’s (somewhat) out for summer: Five tips to help academics make the most of the season. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.caredit.aay1342
Abstract: This Letter to Young Scientists discusses strategies for making summer “break” both enjoyable and productive. [HTML]
Lewis Jr, N. A., Van Bavel, J. J., & Somerville, L. H. (2019). Tips for easing the service burden on scientists from underrepresented groups. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.caredit.aay1342.
Abstract: This Letter to Young Scientists discusses individual and institutional strategies for creating more equitable working environments for scientists from underrepresented groups. [HTML]
Lewis Jr, N. A., & Yates, J. F. (2019). Preparing Disadvantaged Students for Success in College: Lessons Learned from the Preparation Initiative. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(1), 54-59.
Abstract: This article describes The Preparation Initiative (PI) program and highlights some of its effects on students who have participated in the program. The PI is a learning community that was designed to help students from disadvantaged programs (e.g., low-income, first-generation, racial-ethnic minorities) succeed in their academic pursuits at the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan. Over 300 students have participated in the program since its inception. A recent independent program evaluation revealed that participation in the program substantially increased students’ grades as well as graduation rates. We discuss the implications of this program for research and practice in education as well as policy efforts to reduce education disparities. [PDF]
Somerville, L. H., Cunningham, W. A., Gruber, J., Van Bavel, J. J., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2019). Three keys to launching your own lab. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.caredit.aaz1327.
Abstract: This Letter to Young Scientists provides advice to new PIs for launching their own research labs. [HTML]
Van Bavel, J. J., Gruber, J., Somerville, L. H., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2019). Three research-based lessons to improve your mentoring. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.caredit.aax3270.
Abstract: This Letter to Young Scientists discusses scientific principles related to mentoring and makes recommendations for scientists to become better mentors. [HTML]
Van Bavel, J. J., Lewis Jr, N. A., & Cunningham, W. A. (2019). In the tough academic job market, two principles can help you maximize your chances. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.careditaay6941.
Abstract: This Letter to Young Scientists discusses strategies for maximizing success on the academic job market. [HTML]
Van Bavel, J. J., Somerville, L. H., Cunningham, W. A., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2019). Ten tips for negotiating job offers. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.caredit.aba5203.
Abstract: This Letter to Young Scientists discusses strategies for negotiating job offers. [HTML]
2018
Gruber, J., Van Bavel, J. J., Somerville, L. H., Lewis Jr, N. A., & Cunningham, W. A. (2018). Introducing “Letters to Young Scientists,” a new column from Science Careers. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.caredit.aav2304.
Abstract: This article introduces Letters to Young Scientists, an advice column for early career scientists. [HTML]
Hall, M. P., Lewis Jr, N. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (2018). Believing in climate change, but not behaving sustainably: Evidence from a one-year longitudinal study. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 56, 55-62.
Abstract: We conducted a one-year longitudinal study in which 600 American adults regularly reported their climate change beliefs, pro-environmental behavior, and other climate-change related measures. Using latent class analyses, we uncovered three clusters of American with distinct climate belief trajectories: (1) the “Skeptical,” who believed least in climate change; (2) the “Cautiously Worried,” who had moderate beliefs in climate change; and (3) the “Highly Concerned,” who had the strongest beliefs and concern about climate change. Cluster membership predicted different outcomes: the “Highly Concerned” were most supportive of government climate policies, but least likely to report individual-level actions, whereas the “Skeptical” opposed policy solutions but were most likely to report engaging in individual-level pro-environmental behaviors. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. [PDF] [Open Science Framework]
Klein, R., Ratliff, K., Vianello, M., …, Lewis Jr, N. A., … & Nosek, B. (2018). Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Sample and Setting. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(4), 443-490.
Abstract: We conducted preregistered replications of 28 classic and contemporary published findings with protocols that were peer reviewed in advance to examine variation in effect magnitudes across sample and setting. Each protocol was administered to approximately half of the 125 samples and 15,305 total participants from 36 countries and territories. Using conventional statistical significance (p < .05), fifteen (54%) of the replications provided evidence in the same direction and statistically significant as the original finding. With a strict significance criterion (p < .0001), fourteen (50%) provide such evidence reflecting the extremely high powered design. Seven (25%) of the replications had effect sizes larger than the original finding and 21 (75%) had effect sizes smaller than the original finding. The median comparable Cohen’s d effect size for original findings was 0.60 and for replications was 0.15. Sixteen replications (57%) had small effect sizes (< .20) and 9 (32%) were in the opposite direction from the original finding. Across settings, 11 (39%) showed significant heterogeneity using the Q statistic and most of those were among the findings eliciting the largest overall effect sizes; only one effect that was near zero in the aggregate showed significant heterogeneity. Only one effect showed a Tau > 0.20 indicating moderate heterogeneity. Nine others had a Tau near or slightly above 0.10 indicating slight heterogeneity. In moderation tests, very little heterogeneity was attributable to task order, administration in the lab versus online, and exploratory WEIRD versus less WEIRD culture comparisons. Cumulatively, variability in observed effect sizes was more attributable to the effect being studied than the sample or setting in which it was studied. [PDF]
Lewis Jr, N. A. (2018). Three reminders to help you thrive – not merely survive – in grad school. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.caredit.aav2586.
Abstract: This Letter to Young Scientists provides advice for those beginning their graduate school journey. [HTML]
Lewis Jr, N. A., & Earl, A. (2018). Seeing More and Eating Less: Effects of Portion Size Granularity on the Perception and Regulation of Food Consumption. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(5), 786-803.
Abstract: Over-eating and resulting obesity is a public health concern in the United States, and portion size is a factor that contributes to these problems (Zlatevska et al., 2014). The present research demonstrates that the granularity of labels used to describe portions also influences food consumption, independent of previously documented portion size effects. Across six studies and seven different food items, we find a robust and reliable effect of portion size granularity labels on consumption intentions and food consumption. Having people think about food using fine-grained labels leads them to decrease their consumption intentions (Study 1, n=80) and ultimately eat less food (Studies 2a, n=79, 2b, n=79). This process operates by shifting people’s perceptions of the size of foods (rather than changing levels of construal) whereby portions described with fine-grained labels (e.g. “15 gummy candies”) are perceived to be bigger than portions described with gross-grained labels (e.g. “one serving”; Study 3, n = 200). In addition, granularity facilitates self-regulation of consumption for individuals with a weight-loss goal both when self-regulation is measured (Study 4, n = 160) and when we manipulate that mediator (Study 5, n = 300). Finally, a high-powered registered report replicated effects of granularity on consumption via shifts in perception and intentions with a diverse community sample (Study 6, n = 323). Implications for theory and practice are discussed. [Final Publication PDF] [Registered Report Accepted in Principle] [Open Science Framework]
Lewis Jr, N. A., Van Bavel, J. J., Somerville, L. H., & Gruber, J. (2018). A social media survival guide for scientists. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.caredit.aav9607.
Abstract: This Letter to Young Scientists provides advice for navigating social media as a modern scientist. [HTML].
Van Bavel, J. J., Gruber, J., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2018). Applying for a Ph.D.? These 10 tips can help you succeed. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.caredit.aav5461.
Abstract: This Letter to Young Scientist provides advice for students applying to PhD programs in scientific disciplines. [HTML]
2017
Aelenei, C., Lewis Jr, N. A., & Oyserman, D. (2017). No pain, no gain? Social demographic correlates and identity consequences of interpreting experienced difficulty as importance. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 48, 43-55.
Abstract: Community college students are less likely to graduate than university students, perhaps because their difficult life circumstances increase their vulnerability to misinterpreting the identity implications of experienced difficulty with schoolwork. Without guidance, they may fail to take a “no pain, no gain” perspective in which experienced difficulty with schoolwork implies the importance of succeeding in school. Two studies support this prediction: Study 1 (N = 1,035) finds that education is associated with higher likelihood of interpreting experienced difficulty as signaling task importance among adults. This effect is pronounced for racial minorities. Study 2 (N = 293) finds that students who disagreed that experienced difficulty implies impossibility were more certain about attaining their academic possible identities and more willing to sacrifice to attain these identities. Moreover, community college students benefited more than university students from being guided to consider what experienced difficulty might imply or from considering that experienced difficulty implies importance, rather than impossibility. [ResearchGate PDF] [Supplemental Materials]
Oyserman, D., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2017). Seeing the destination AND the path: Using identity-based motivation to understand and reduce racial disparities in academic achievement. Social Issues and Policy Review, 11(1), 159-194
Abstract: African Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans aspire to do well in school but often fall short of this goal. We use identity-based motivation theory as an organizing framework to understand how macrolevel social stratification factors including minority-ethnic group membership and low socioeconomic position (e.g. parental education, income) and the stigma they carry, matter. Macrolevel social stratification differentially exposes students to contexts in which choice and control are limited and stigma is evoked, shaping identity-based motivation in three ways. Stratification influences which behaviors likely feel congruent with important identities, undermines belief that one’s actions and effort matter, and skews chronic interpretation of one’s experienced difficulties with schoolwork from interpreting experienced difficulty as implying importance (e.g., “it’s for me”) toward implying “impossibility.” Because minority students have high aspirations, policies should invest in de-stigmatizing, scalable, universal, identity-based motivation-bolstering institutions and interventions. [ResearchGate PDF]
Oyserman, D., Lewis Jr, N. A., Yan, V. X., Fisher, O., O’Donnell, S. C., & Horowitz, E. (2017). An identity-based motivation framework for self-regulation. Psychological Inquiry, 28 (2-3), 139-147. DOI: 10.1080/1047840X.2017.1337406
Abstract: Will you be going to that networking lunch? Will you be tempted by a donut at 4 pm? If, like many people, your responses are based on your gut sense of who you are –shy or outgoing, a treat lover or a dieter, you made three assumptions about identity– that motivation and behavior are identity-based, that identities are chronically on the mind, and that identities are stable. If identities have worth and value then people should make sense of their experiences through the lens of these identities. If identities are stable and chronically on the mind, then no matter the setting, meaning making will be stable and people should be able to use their identities to control and regulate themselves. Many conceptual models are based on these assumptions. But just because these assumptions are common and useful does not mean they are correct. Identity-based motivation theory predicts that identity stability is a useful illusion but that thinking about the self is for doing –identity accessibility and content is flexibly attuned to contextual constraints and affordances. What is stable is not the content or structure of the self or the accessibility of a particular self-content or self-structure, but rather the motivation to use the self to make meaning. This flexibility is a design feature, not a flaw. Identities orient and focus attention on some features of the immediate context and render other features irrelevant or meaningless. Identity-based motivation theory provides a new way to understand self-regulation by focusing on how immediate context shapes which identities and self-concepts are on the mind what identities imply for meaning making. [ResearchGate PDF]
2016
Lewis Jr, N. A., & Oyserman, D. (2016). Using Identity-Based Motivation to Improve the Nation’s Health Without Breaking the Bank. Behavioral Science and Policy, 2(2), 25-38.
Abstract: For the first time in two decades, overall life expectancy in the United States is in decline. Perhaps most unsettling, this increase in mortality is largely due to lifestyle-associated diseases such as heart attack and stroke. In the interest of both the nation and individuals, it is imperative to use every behavioral science tool possible to prevent further population health declines. While most people aspire to live healthy lives, many, especially those in lower socioeconomic groups, fail to sufficiently engage in behaviors necessary to achieve or maintain good health. In this paper we define and outline a social psychology theory, identity-based motivation, as a useful framework for healthcare providers and others to use to support uptake and maintenance of healthy lifestyles. We review research demonstrating how small changes in the health care context and in the presentation of health care information can assist at-risk individuals and help them see themselves as partners in health with health care providers, reducing the likelihood that difficulties along the way will be misinterpreted as meaning that health is impossible. We provide health-supporting and disparity-reducing policy recommendations targeting providers, insurers, and public health initiatives. [PDF]
Lewis Jr, N. A., & Sekaquaptewa, D. (2016). Beyond Test Performance: A Broader View of Stereotype Threat. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 40-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.05.002
Abstract: Stereotype threat is the “social psychological threat that arises when one is in a situation or doing something for which a negative stereotype about one’s group applies” (Steele, 1999). Although much of the research on stereotype threat has focused on how stereotype threat affects test performance, its original conception described a much broader and more general phenomenon. In this article we review stereotype threat research, taking a broader view on threat beyond the realm of test performance, focusing on its antecedents (e.g. environmental stereotype cues) and consequences (e.g., effects on interracial interactions). Interventions have also focused primarily on improving or preserving test performance, indicating the need for interventions that address the broader consequences of threat. [ResearchGate PDF]
2015
Lewis Jr, N. A., & Oyserman, D. (2015). When Does the Future Begin? Time Metrics Matter, Connecting Present and Future Selves. Psychological Science, 26, 816-825. DOI: 10.1177/0956797615572231
Abstract: People assume they should attend to the present; their future self can handle the future. This seemingly plausible rule of thumb can lead people astray, in part because some future events require current action. In order for the future to energize and motivate current action, it must feel imminent. To create this sense of imminence, we manipulated time metric – the units (e.g. days, years) in which time is considered. People interpret accessible time metrics in two ways: If preparation for the future is under way (Studies 1 and 2), people interpret metrics as implying when a future event will occur. If preparation is not under way (Studies 3-5), they interpret metrics as implying when preparation should start (e.g. planning to start saving 4 times sooner for a retirement in 10,950 days instead of 30 years). Time metrics mattered not because they changed how distal or important future events felt (Study 6), but because they changed how connected and congruent their current and future selves felt (Study 7). [ResearchGate PDF] [Supplemental Materials] [Statcheck Report] [Altmetric]
Neil Lewis, Jr. 